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wsl的安装与配置

发表于 更新于 分类于 | 置顶 |

前言

之前上过一个Linux的选修课，了解了Linux系统的一些知识，越用越觉得一些需要命令行的软件用Linux来简直太方便了，这篇文章就介绍以下如何在windows系统上搭建Linux子系统（也就是wsl）（Windows Subsystem for Linux），这样就不用使用VMware来装虚拟机了

windows 10 开启wsl功能

  1. 按Windows+Q进入搜索功能，也可以右键点击开始，选择里面的搜索功能
  2. 在Windows 10的搜索框中输入启用或关闭Windows功能
  3. 打开后选中适用于Linux的Windows子系统
    image-20210503170452634

Linux的安装

  1. 打开微软商店（Microsoft Store）
  2. 搜索Linux
  3. 选择其中的一个发行版本进行安装，本文以debian为例

image-20210503171000458

image-20210503171035452

Linux初始化

  1. 打开刚下好的Linux，等一小会它的安装

  2. 输入新创建的用户名

  3. 输入该用户的密码，输入两次后就进入了Linux系统，新用户也创建完成

  4. 输入sudo passwd更改root的密码

  5. 一些知识

    输入su再输入密码进入root模式
    输入exit或者按ctrl+d退出root模式
    输入sudo 命令可以在普通用户下执行root权限的命令，密码是普通用户的密码

Terminal安装

Terminal是一款高颜值的管理命令行软件，如果你习惯于PowerShell或者cmd的话可以跳过此步骤

  1. 打开微软商店（MicroSoft Store）
  2. 搜索Terminal
  3. 点击安装

Terminal配置

简单配置一下Terminal，让你用起来更舒服，可跳过

  1. 打开Terminal
  2. 打开设置

image-20210503171852186

  1. 点击左下角的设置图标，进入Terminal的配置文件，如下，为了安全起见建议备份一下，不然出问题不好还原
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// This file was initially generated by Windows Terminal 1.4.3243.0
// It should still be usable in newer versions, but newer versions might have additional
// settings, help text, or changes that you will not see unless you clear this file
// and let us generate a new one for you.

// To view the default settings, hold "alt" while clicking on the "Settings" button.
// For documentation on these settings, see: https://aka.ms/terminal-documentation
{
  "$schema": "https://aka.ms/terminal-profiles-schema",

  "defaultProfile": "{58ad8b0c-3ef8-5f4d-bc6f-13e4c00f2530}",
  "initialRows": 25,
  "initialCols": 90,

  // You can add more global application settings here.
  // To learn more about global settings, visit https://aka.ms/terminal-global-settings

  // If enabled, selections are automatically copied to your clipboard.
  "copyOnSelect": false,

  // If enabled, formatted data is also copied to your clipboard
  "copyFormatting": false,

  // A profile specifies a command to execute paired with information about how it should look and feel.
  // Each one of them will appear in the 'New Tab' dropdown,
  //   and can be invoked from the commandline with `wt.exe -p xxx`
  // To learn more about profiles, visit https://aka.ms/terminal-profile-settings
  "profiles": {
    "defaults": {
      // Put settings here that you want to apply to all profiles.
      "hidden": false,
      "acrylicOpacity": 0.75,
      "useAcrylic": false,
      "colorScheme": "Campbell",
      "fontFace": "Consolas",
      "fontSize": 11,
      "cursorColor": "#00FF00",
      "cursorHeight": 25,
      "cursorShape": "vintage",
      "snapOnInput": true,
      "padding": "0, 0, 0, 0",
      "closeOnExit": true
    },
    "list": [

      {
        "guid": "{58ad8b0c-3ef8-5f4d-bc6f-13e4c00f2530}",
        "hidden": false,
        "name": "Debian",
        "source": "Windows.Terminal.Wsl",
        "startingDirectory": "//wsl$/Debian/home/tom/"
      },
      {
        // Make changes here to the cmd.exe profile.
        "guid": "{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}",
        "name": "Command Prompt",
        "commandline": "cmd.exe",
        "hidden": true
      },
      {
        "guid": "{b453ae62-4e3d-5e58-b989-0a998ec441b8}",
        "hidden": true,
        "name": "Azure Cloud Shell",
        "source": "Windows.Terminal.Azure"
      },
      {
        // Make changes here to the powershell.exe profile.
        "guid": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}",
        "name": "Windows PowerShell",
        "commandline": "powershell.exe",
        "hidden": false
      }

    ]
  },

  // Add custom color schemes to this array.
  // To learn more about color schemes, visit https://aka.ms/terminal-color-schemes
  "schemes": [
    {
      "name": "Campbell",
      "foreground": "#A7B191",
      "background": "#0C0C0C",
      "colors": [
        "#0C0C0C",
        "#C50F1F",
        "#13A10E",
        "#C19C00",
        "#0037DA",
        "#881798",
        "#3A96DD",
        "#CCCCCC",
        "#767676",
        "#E74856",
        "#16C60C",
        "#F9F1A5",
        "#3B78FF",
        "#B4009E",
        "#61D6D6",
        "#F2F2F2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "Solarized Dark",
      "foreground": "#FDF6E3",
      "background": "#073642",
      "colors": [
        "#073642",
        "#D30102",
        "#859900",
        "#B58900",
        "#268BD2",
        "#D33682",
        "#2AA198",
        "#EEE8D5",
        "#002B36",
        "#CB4B16",
        "#586E75",
        "#657B83",
        "#839496",
        "#6C71C4",
        "#93A1A1",
        "#FDF6E3"
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "Solarized Light",
      "foreground": "#073642",
      "background": "#FDF6E3",
      "colors": [
        "#073642",
        "#D30102",
        "#859900",
        "#B58900",
        "#268BD2",
        "#D33682",
        "#2AA198",
        "#EEE8D5",
        "#002B36",
        "#CB4B16",
        "#586E75",
        "#657B83",
        "#839496",
        "#6C71C4",
        "#93A1A1",
        "#FDF6E3"
      ]
    }
  ],

  // Add custom actions and keybindings to this array.
  // To unbind a key combination from your defaults.json, set the command to "unbound".
  // To learn more about actions and keybindings, visit https://aka.ms/terminal-keybindings
  "actions": [
    // Copy and paste are bound to Ctrl+Shift+C and Ctrl+Shift+V in your defaults.json.
    // These two lines additionally bind them to Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V.
    // To learn more about selection, visit https://aka.ms/terminal-selection
    {
      "command": {
        "action": "copy",
        "singleLine": false
      },
      "keys": "ctrl+c"
    },
    {
      "command": "paste",
      "keys": "ctrl+v"
    },

    // Press Ctrl+Shift+F to open the search box
    {
      "command": "find",
      "keys": "ctrl+shift+f"
    },

    // Press Alt+Shift+D to open a new pane.
    // - "split": "auto" makes this pane open in the direction that provides the most surface area.
    // - "splitMode": "duplicate" makes the new pane use the focused pane's profile.
    // To learn more about panes, visit https://aka.ms/terminal-panes
    {
      "command": {
        "action": "splitPane",
        "split": "auto",
        "splitMode": "duplicate"
      },
      "keys": "alt+shift+d"
    }
  ]
}
  1. 更改配置的几个地方（不要直接复制粘贴，一些值不同）
    • 更改defaultProfile，后面的值就粘贴list里面的几个项的guid，这是默认启动打开哪个命令行，我设置的是Debian的
    • initialRows和initialCols设置打开后初始宽高
    • profiles中的defaults是全局设置，可以对照更改。list里面就是Terminal管理的几个命令行软件，有刚装的debian，cmd，Powershell等
    • 我在list里Debian的设置中加了"startingDirectory":"//wsl$/Debian/home/tom/"，这是默认打开Debian后的目录，tom是我的用户名，大家可以改成自己的
    • schemes中的配置是主题的一些配置，大家可以直接复制粘贴过去添加上
    • actions中是快捷键的配置，大家自行参考

恭喜，至此Terminal配置完毕，我用的也是老师给的配置，觉得挺简约还挺好看的，一些其他更花里胡哨的配置请自行网上冲浪

配置wsl

言归正传，接下来我们可以使用terminal打开debian，可以在那个加号后面的向下的小箭头里面选择打开的命令行

换源

因为debian使用apt作为包管理器，而apt的默认服务器在国外，网速很慢，我们可以换到国内的镜像源来

  1. 使用su切换到root权限

  2. 输入cd /etc/apt切换到对应目录

  3. 输入cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup备份一下源文件，出错的话便于还原

  4. 输入nano sources.list利用nano打开sources.list文件

    如果你会使用其他文本编辑器也是一样的
    实在不会用的话也可以用记事本，wsl的根目录在windows的C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Packages\TheDebianProject.DebianGNULinux_76v4gfsz19hv4\LocalState\rootfs下，其中用户名和装的Linux有出入，大家对照自己的就行
    用记事本打开并做下面更改，保存即可

  5. 删除所有内容，将以下内容复制粘贴进去(命令行中复制和粘贴都是右键)

    debian源：

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    # 中科大源
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable main contrib non-free
    # deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable main contrib non-free
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free
    # deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free

    # deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
    # deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-proposed-updates main contrib non-free

    Ubuntu源：

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    #  阿里源
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

  6. ctrl+x退出，输入y再点enter确定修改

  7. 换源完成

更新包

  1. sudo apt update会将新的包下载下来
  2. sudo apt upgrade会升级为最新的包，两条命令顺序不要反了
  3. 以后安装软件就可以sudo apt install 软件名了，嘻嘻，快捷方便

完成

恭喜你，你的wsl已经搞定啦，享受Linux带来的快乐吧！